Compulsory courses
1. Research Methodologies and Trends in Biosciences:-_
• General principles of research: Meaning and importance of research, critical thinking, formulating hypothesis     and development of research plan, review of literature, interpretation of results and discussion.
• Technical writing: Scientific writing that includes the way of writing research paper, poster preparation and     presentation and dissertation.
• Microscopy: Light microscopy, phase contrast microscopy, fluorescent microscopy, scanning electron     microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micrometry and photomicrography.
• Spectrometry: Colorimetry, mass, UV, IR, NMR and atomic absorption spectrophotometery.
• Centrifugation: Principle and applications.
• Electrophoresis: Principle of gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE and SDS-PAGE),    agarose gel electrophoresis, pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis.
• Chromatography: Principle, procedure and applications of thin layer chromatography (TLC), gel filtration and     ion exchange, affinity chromatography, GC, GLC, HPLC and FPLC.
• Nucleic acids: Isolation, purification and analysis of nucleic acids.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Principle, types and applications, PCR based markers: RAPDs, SSRs, SNPs,     ISSRs, and SCARs etc.
• Blotting techniques: Southern, Northern, Western and Dot blotting and hybridization, DNA fingerprinting
• Mutation Analyses Techniques: Restriction mapping, SSCP analyses, DNA sequencing-manual and automated     methods.
• Flow cytometry: Cell sorting.
• Hybridoma technology/Production of antibodies: Histochemical and immunotechniques, immunochemical    techniques, developing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassay    s(RIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and autoradiography.
• Cell and tissue culture techniques: Plants and animals.
• Data collection and sampling methods

Recommended Books
1. Brown T A (2006) Gene cloning and DNA analysis: an introduction, Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Professional,     ISBN: 1405111216, ISBN-13: 9781405111218.
2. Goldsby R A, Kindt T J and Osborne B A (2008) Kuby immunology 6 edition, Publisher: I.K. International Pvt. Ltd,     ISBN: 0716767643, ISBN-13: 9780716767640.
3. Gupta P K (2005) Elements of biotechnology, Publisher: Rastogi Publications, ISBN: 8171338437, ISBN-13:     9788171338436
4. Gupta S (2005) Research methodology and statistical techniques, Publisher: Deep & Deep Publications (p) Ltd,     ISBN: 8171005012, ISBN-13: 9788171005017.
5. Kothari C R (2008) Research methodology (s), Publisher: New Age International (p) Limited, ISBN: 8122415229,     ISBN-13: 9788122415223.
6. Lewin B (2008) Genes IX, Publisher: Cbs Publishers & Distributors, ISBN: 0763752223 ISBN-13: 9780763752224.
7. Mangal S K (2007) DNA markers in plant improvement, Publisher: Daya Publishing House, ISBN: 8189729284,     ISBN-13: 9788189729288.
8. Nelson D, and Cox M M (2008) Lehninger principles of biochemistry, 4th edition, Publisher: BI publications Pvt.      Ltd, ISBN: 1403948763, ISBN-13: 9781403948762, 978-1403948762.
9. Primrose S B and Twyman R (2006) Principles of gene manipulation and genomics Publisher: Blackwell     Publishing Professional, ISBN: 1405135441, ISBN-13: 9781405135443.
10. Sambrook J (2006) The condensed protocols from molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, ISBN: 0879698128,        ISBN-13: 9780879698126, Publisher: Cshl Press.
11. Sambrook J and Russell D W (2000) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual (3 Vol-set) 3rd edition, Publisher:       Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN: 0879695773, ISBN-13: 9780879695774.
12. Sawhney S K and Singh R (2005) Introductory practical biochemistry, Publisher: Alpha Science International        Ltd., ISBN-10: 1842652451, ISBN-13: 978-1842652459.
13. Slater A, Scott N W and Fowler M R (2008) Plant biotechnology: the genetic manipulation of plants, Publisher:        Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN: 0199282617, ISBN-13: 9780199282616.
14. Wilson K and Walker J (2006) Principles and techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology 6/edition,        Publisher: Cambridge University Press India Pvt. Ltd., ISBN: 052169180X, ISBN-13: 9780521691802.

2. Biostatistics and Computer Applications
• Statistics in biomedical research: Experimental design, sampling techniques, sampling theory, various steps in     sampling, collection of data- types and methods. probability, frequency distribution, measures of central     tendency- mean (arithmetic, harmonic and geometric) mode and median, measures of dispersion- standard     deviation, standard error and degree of freedom and basic introduction to multivariate statistics.
• Test of significance: t-test, ?2 test, null hypothesis, correlation and regression, correlation coefficient, types of     correlation, regression equation, principles of least squares, linear regression, biological significance of     correlation and regression.
• Computer skills: Fundamentals of IT, basic computer skills, word processing and other computer applications.
• Bioinformatics: Organization, management and analysis of biological data, use of computers in data analysis,     biological databases - DNA sequence databases and protein sequence databases, BLAST, FASTA, multiple     sequence alignment, in silico approaches for drug designing, primers in biology (design and types of primers)     genome projects (human, Arabidopsis and other genome projects), NCBI, UCSC and other database     searches.
• Entrepreneurship and business development: Importance of entrepreneurship and its relevance in career     growth, characteristics of entrepreneurs, developing entrepreneurial competencies, types of enterprises and    ownership (large, medium SSI, tiny and cottage industries, limited, public limited, private limited, partnership,    sole proprietorship) employment, self employment and entrepreneurship, financial management-importance   and techniques, financial statements- importance and its interpretation, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs).

Practical syllabus:-
1. Determination of statistical averages/ central tendencies; arithmetic mean, median and mode.
2. Determination of measures of dispersion; mean deviation, standard deviation and coefficient of variance.
3. Tests of significance-application of following; chi- square t- test and standard error.
4. Introduction to search engines, websites, browsing and Downloading (Books, Journals, literature etc.) scientific information.
5. Studies of public domain databases for nucleic acid and protein sequences.
6. Designing the ligand molecule and docking.
7. Determination of protein structure (PDB).
8. Tools for sequence analysis.
9. Designing primers.
10. NCBI, UCSC and other database searches.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Recommended Books
1. Agrawal S (2009) Bioinformatics for beginners: Introduction to bioinformatics, Publisher: Ane, ISBN: 8180521583,     ISBN-13: 9788180521584.
2. Bansal M (2009) Basic bioinformatics, Publisher: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (p) Ltd. ISBN: 8126910437,     ISBN-13: 9788126910434.
3. Batschelet E (2008) Introduction to mathematics for life scientists, Springer international student’s edition,     Narosa publishing house, New Delhi. ISBN: 8181280849, ISBN-13: 9788181280848.
4. Baxevanis A D and Francis Ouellette B F (2004) Bioinformatics: A practical guide to the analysis of genes and     proteins, Publisher: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN-10: 0471478784, ISBN-13: 978-0471478782.
5. Baxevanis A D and Ouellette B F F (2001) Bioinformatics: A practical guide to the analysis of proteins, Publishers:     John Wiley and Sons, Inc, USA.
6. Chikhale N J and Gomashe V S (2007) Bioinformatics: Theory and practice. Himalaya Publishing House, India,     ISBN 13: 9788183188319.
7. Glantz S (2005) Primer of biostatistics 6th edition, Publisher: McGraw-Hill Medical; ISBN: 0071447814, ISBN-13:      9780071447812.
8. Gupta S C and Kapoor V K (2007) Fundamentals of mathematical statistics, Publishers: Sultan Chand and sons,     New Delhi, ISBN: 8180540049, ISBN-13: 9788180540042.
9. Gupta S P (2009) Numerical and statistical methods 37th edition, Publisher: Sultan Chand and Sons New Delhi.
10. Jordan D W and Smith P (2008) Mathematical techniques: An introduction for the engineering, physical and        mathematical Sciences, Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN: 0199282013, ISBN-13: 9780199282012.
11. Lacroix Z and Critchlow T (Eds) (2003) Bioinformatics: Managing scientific data, Publishers: Morgan Kaufmann        Publishers, USA.
12. Misener S and Krawetz S A (Eds.) (2000) Bioinformatic methods and protocols. Publishers: Humana Press,        Totowa, New Jersey.
13. Mount D W (2004) Bioinformatics: Sequence and genome analysis (2nd edition), Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor        Laboratory, New York.
14. Mount D W (2005) Bioinformatics sequence and genome analysis, 2nd edition, Publisher: Cbs Publishers and       Distributors ISBN: 8123912412, ISBN-13: 9788123912417.
15. Rashidi H and Buehler L K (2005) Bioinformatics basics: Applications in biological science and medicine,       Publisher: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN: 0849312833.
16. Rastogi V B (2007) Fundamentals of biostatistics, Publisher: Ane, ISBN: 8180521168, ISBN-13: 9788180521164.
17. Rosner B (2005) Fundamentals of biostatics (6th edition), Publisher: Duxbury Press, Pacific Grove, Calif.
18. Singh G and Singh R (2009) Windows based computer courses, 10th edition, Publishers: Kalyani Publishers.
19. Sokal R R and Rohlf F J (2009) Introduction to biostatistics, Publisher: Dover Publications ISBN: 0486469611,       ISBN-13: 9780486469614.
20. Zar H J (1996) Biostatistical analysis, Publisher: Prentice Hall-Gale, ISBN: 0130845426, ISBN-13: 9780130845429.
21. Board EIRI (2007) Complete handbook on small scale industries: Small Evam cotton scale industries (Laghu       udyog), Publisher: Engineers India Research Institute, ISBN: 8186732551, ISBN-13: 978-8186732557
22. Gerber ME (2009) Awakening the entrepreneur within: How ordinary people can create extraordinary       companies, Publisher: Harper Paperbacks, ISBN: 0061568155, ISBN-13: 9780061568152,
23. David H (2008) Entrepreneurship: New venture creation, ISBN: 8120312813, ISBN-13: 978-8120312814,        Publisher: Prentice-hall Of India Pvt. Ltd
24. Hisrich R, Peters M, Shepherd D (2006) Entrepreneurship (special Indian edition) Publisher: Tata Mgraw Hill,        ISBN: 0070620172, ISBN-13: 9780070620179
25. Lahiri K (2007) Small scale industries: Performance and challenges, Publisher: ICFAI University Press, ISBN:        8131406075, ISBN-13: 9788131406076
26. T A Bhavani (2006) Globalization & Indian small scale industry: Technology and competitiveness, Publisher:  Ane, ISBN: 8180520447, ISBN-13: 9788180520440.

Optional courses
1. Cell and Tissue Culture (Plants)

• Instrumentation and culture media: Laboratory requirements, aseptic techniques and media selection,    culture media and its constituents, advances in phytohormones, mechanism and their role in plant tissue    culture and plant genetic engineering.
• Micropropagation: Bud culture, ovule culture, endosperm & nucellus culture, organogenesis, somatic    embryogenesis.
• Production of haploids and triploids: Production and detection of haploids and triploids, their applications in     plant breeding.
• Germplasm storage: Different methods for germplasm storage and conservation, cryopreservation,     production of synthetic seeds, uses and limitations.
• Production of disease free plants: Shoot tip culture/grafting, chemotherapy, thermotherapy, cross protection,     maintenance of disease free plants and their role in crop improvement.
• Production of secondary metabolites: Synthesis of secondary metabolites; mass cultivations of cells with     higher yield of secondary metabolites and selection of cell lines; use of bioreactors for mass production and     automation of secondary metabolites, their role in commercialization of secondary metabolite production.
• Somaclonal and gametoclonal variations: Natural and induced, applications in selection for salt tolerance,    disease resistance, herbicide resistance, drought resistance etc. and their limitations.
• Protoplast culture and somatic hybridization: Isolation and culture of protoplasts, fusion of protoplasts,    somatic hybridization, selection of hybrid cells, cybrids, regeneration of hybrid plants and their applications in    agriculture and crop improvement.
• Production of Transgenics: Gene transfer methods in plants - direct gene transfer and virus & Agrobacterium     tumefaciens mediated transformation, applications of transgenics in agriculture and their limitations.

Practical: Cell and tissue culture (Plants)
1. Packing and sterilization of glass and plastic wares for cell culture.
2. Preparation of reagents and media for cell culture.
3. Different methods to overcome the problem of contamination in culture medium.
4. Effect of plant growth regulators on various explants for callus induction and organogenesis.
5. Micropropagation employing nodal segment culture/ axillary bud culture, leaf culture, ovule culture, nucellus    culture etc.
6. In vitro induction of somatic embryogenesis.
7. Anther culture for haploid production.
8. In vitro elimination of pathogens employing shoot tip culture/grafting, chemotherapy and thermotherapy.
9. Protoplast isolation and fusion.
10. Production and storage of synthetic seeds.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Books Recommended
1. Razdan M K (2007) Introduction to plant tissue culture (Second edition). Publisher: India Book House Pvt. Ltd.      ISBN-10: 1578082374, ISBN-13: 978-8120415713.
2. Bhojwani S S and Razdan MK (2005) Plant tissue culture, theory and practice, Publisher: Elsevier Reed Elsevier     India Pvt. Ltd. ISBN: 8181473256. ISBN-13: 9788181473257.
3. Mather J P and Roberts E (1998) Introduction to cell and tissue culture: Theory and technique. Publisher: Plenum     Press, ISBN: 0-306-45859-4.
4. Doyle A and Griffiths B J (1999) Cell and tissue culture: Laboratory procedures in biotechnology, Publisher: John     Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0-471-98255-5.
5. Neumann K H, Kumar A and Imani J (2009) Plant cell and tissue culture - A tool in biotechnology: Basics and     application, Publisher: Springer, ISBN: 3540938826.
6. Jain S M, Sopory S K and Veilleux R E (2008) In vitro haploid production in higher plants (Fifth volume), Publisher:      Springer, ISBN: 0792339797, ISBN-13: 9780792339793, 978-0792339793.
7. Jain S M, Sopory S K (1996) In vitro haploid production in higher plants (fourth edition), Publisher: Kluwer     Academic Publishers, ISBN: 0792339789, ISBN-13: 9780792339786.
8. Jain S M and Sopory S K (2008) In vitro haploid production in higher plants (second edition), Publisher: Kluwer     academic publishers. ISBN: 0792335783, ISBN-13: 9780792335788, 978-0792335788.
9. Reinert J and Bajaj Y P S (1989). Applied and fundamental aspects of plant cell, tissue and organ culture,     Publisher: Springer, Berlin. ISBN-13: 9780387076775 ISBN: 0387076778.
10. Vasil I K (1998) Cell culture and somatic cell genetics of plants, Vol. 1-3, Academic Press, New York.

2. Cell and Tissue Culture (Animals)
• History and instrumentation: Background and progress in animal cell culture technology, biology of animal    cell, instrumentation, principles and applications of animal tissue culture; aseptic techniques and media     selection.
• Culture media: Introduction to the balanced salt solutions and simple growth medium; brief discussion about     the chemical, physical and metabolic functions of different constituents of culture medium; media     supplements; maintenance of sterility and use of antibiotics, mycoplasma and viral contaminants;     importance of serum and serum free media.
• Cell lines in animal tissue culture: Modes of culture: batch, fed-batch or continuous; primary culture and cell    line; cellular interactions; culturing and sub-culturing of animal cells; transfection and transformation of animal    cells; cell separation; behavior of cells in culture conditions: division, growth pattern and differentiation,    development of cell lines; continuous cell lines; characterization and maintenance of cell lines.
• Techniques in Animal Tissue Culture: Suspension culture, organ culture, stem cells and their applications; insect    cell culture: an overview; scaling up animal cell culture; bioreactors; commercial scale production of animal    cells; cryopreservation.
• Application of animal cell culture: In vitro testing of drugs; testing of toxicity of environmental pollutants in    cell culture; application of cell culture technology in production of human and animal viral vaccines and    pharmaceutical proteins, role of tissue culture in gene therapy, artificial skin, artificial organs.

Practical: Cell and Tissue Culture (Animals)
1. Packing and sterilization of glass and plastic wares for cell culture.
2. Preparation of reagents and media for cell culture.
3. Different methods to overcome the problem of contamination in culture medium.
4. Cultivation of continuous cell lines.
5. Quantification of cells by trypan blue exclusion dye.
6. Isolation of lymphocytes and cultivation of lymphocytes.
7. Study of effect of toxic chemicals on cultured animal cells.
8. Suspension culture technique.
9. Cryopreservation of cell primary cultures and cell lines.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Books Recommended
1. Pollard J W and Walker J M (1990) Animal cell culture (Methods in molecular biology), Publisher: Humana     Press; ISBN: 0896031500.
2. Clynes M (1998) Animal cell culture techniques, Publisher: Springer-Verlag; ISBN: 3-540-63008-2.
3. Masters J RW (2000) Animal cell culture: A practical approach, Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA ISBN:     0199637962, ISBN-13: 978-0199637966.
4. Butler M, Butler M and Butler M (2004) Animal cell culture and technology: The basics, Publisher: Bios     Scientifics, ISBN: 1859960499, ISBN-13: 978-1859960493.
5. Freshney I (2006) Culture of animal cells, 5e, Publisher: John Wiley & sons Ltd. ISBN: 9812532234 ISBN-13:     9789812532237.
6. Stacey G (2007) Medicines from animal cell culture, Publisher: John Wiley & sons Ltd., ISBN: 0470850949,     ISBN- 13 : 9780470850947.
7. Mathur S (2006) Animal cell and tissue culture, Publisher: Agrobios (India). ISBN: 8177542974, ISBN-13:     9788177542974.

3. Advanced Genetics:-
• Prokaryotic gene structure and genome organization: Replication in prokaryotes, DNA repair and     recombination, mechanisms and regulation of translation in prokaryotes, transcription and regulation of     prokaryotic genes, characteristics of bacterial strains used for genetic manipulations.
• Chromosome banding: G, C, R, Q, T, NOR and high resolution banding and molecular correlates of    chromosome bands.
• Cloning of genes: Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries, analysis of cloned genes-identification of     promoters and enhancers, determination of transcriptional start site, intron-exon organization, gene     confirmation by gene disruption.
• Eukaryote genome and chromosome organization, eukaryotic gene structure, DNA replication transcription,    post transcriptional modifications, translation, post-translational modifications and regulation of gene    expression, gene expression analyses, forward and reverse genetics, posttranslational gene silencing and RNAi .• Site directed mutagenesis: TILLING (Tagetted Induced Local Lesions in Genome), PCR-mediated mutations,      genetic mapping, fluorescence tag coupling to oligonucleotides, high through put genome analysis      techniques (microarray, real time PCR).
• Transgenic plants: Gene transfer methods in plants, target cells for transformation, vector and vector less    gene transfer, gene transfer techniques using agarobacterium, role of transgenics in crop improvement and    limitations of transgenics.

Practical syllabus
1. Extraction and quantitative determination of genomic DNA from plants.
2. Isolation and quantification of RNA.
3. Demonstration of reverse transcription (RT-PCR).
4. PCR amplification of DNA using different markers like RAPD and SSRs.
5. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products.
6. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for PCR amplification products.
7. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and denaturing PAGE for separation of proteins.
8. Data scoring and statistical analysis by using NTSYS-pc version 2.0 software.
9. Isolation of plasmid DNA, ligation and transformation into suitable vector.
10. Colony picking, identification of positive clones by PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis and then       confirmation by DNA sequencing.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Books Recommended
1. Brown T A (2006) Gene cloning and DNA analysis: An introduction, Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Professional.      ISBN: 1405111216, ISBN-13: 9781405111218.
2. Jackson J F and Linskens H F (2009) Genetic transformation of plants: Molecular methods of plant analysis, ISBN:     8184891067, ISBN-13: 9788184891065.
3. Alberts B (2007) Molecular biology of the cell 5th edition, Publisher: Garland Publishing, ISBN: 0815340729,       ISBN-13: 9780815340720.
4. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K and Walter P (2007) Molecular biology of the cell: Reference     Edition, Publisher: Garland publishing, ISBN: 0815341113, ISBN-13: 9780815341116.
5. Watson J D (2008) Molecular biology of the gene 5th edition, Publisher: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd, ISBN:     8177581813, ISBN-13: 9788177581812.
6. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser C A, Krieger M, Scott M P, Bretscher A, Ploegh H and Matsudaira P (2007) Molecular     cell biology (Lodish, Molecular cell biology) Publisher: W.H. Freeman & Company ISBN: 0716776014 ISBN-13:      9780716776017.
7. Sambrook J (2006) The condensed protocols from molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, ISBN: 0879698128,     ISBN-13: 9780879698126, Publisher: CshlPress.
8. Sambrook J and Russell D W (2000) Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual (3 Vol-set) 3rd edition, Publisher:    Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, ISBN: 0879695773, ISBN-13: 9780879695774.
9. Halford N G (2006) Plant biotechnology: Current and future applications of genetically modified crops,     Publisher: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 0470021810, ISBN-13: 978-04700218.
10. Hopkins W G (2006) Plant biotechnology (Series-The green world), Publisher: Chelsea House Publications,       ISBN: 0791089649, ISBN-13: 9780791089644.
11. Slater A, Scott N W and Fowler M R (2008) Plant biotechnology: The genetic manipulation of plants, Publisher:        Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN: 0199282617, ISBN-13: 9780199282616.
12. Primrose S B and Twyman R (2006) Principles of gene manipulation and genomics Publisher: Blackwell       Publishing Professional, ISBN: 1405135441, ISBN-13: 9781405135443.
13. Watson J, Witkowski J and Caudy A (2006) Recombinant DNA: Genes and genomes-A short course, Publisher:       W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN: 0716728664, ISBN-13: 9780716728665.
4. Advanced Plant Physiology
• Organic Molecules - The building blocks of life: Cell organelles, structure and function of biomolecules (amino      acids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids).
• Protein structure and function: Primary, secondary, super secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of      proteins, sequence and structure motifs and domains, folding and functions; protein structure determination      methods (X-Ray diffraction, NMR and CD Spectroscopy), conformational properties of proteins.      Ramachandran plot- hard sphere approach, soft potentials, protein transport and trafficking, protein DNA      interactions and protein - protein interactions.
• Nature of energy - Photosynthesis: Chloroplast biogenesis and development, protein transport into      chloroplast, photosynthesis and photorespiration, depletion of ozone layer and UV B effect on productivity of      plants.
• Growth and development - Phytohormones: Hormone biosynthesis and metabolism (auxin, ethylene, abscisic      acid, brassinosteroids and gibberellins), role of hormones in plant growth and development and hormones in      defense against insects and diseases.
• Growth and development- Messenger systems and signaling: Concept of signal transduction, hormonal signal      transduction; cell signaling and cellular response, cell signaling and gene expression, methods to study cell      signaling, biochemical mechanisms involved in flowering; molecular mechanism of senescence, Enzyme      kinetics - regulation and inhibition.
• Nature of energy - Respiration: Metabolic pathways and their regulation, bioenergetics, generation and      utilization of ATP, metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds: nitrogen fixation, amino acids and      nucleotides.
• Stress physiology: Water deficit and its physiological consequences, drought tolerance mechanisms, salinity      stress and plant responses, heat stress and heat shock proteins, metal toxicity and biotic stress.

Practical syllabus
1. Quantitative estimation of proteins and amino acids.
2. Quantitative estimation of sugars.
3. Extraction and estimation of total lipids.
4. Application of centrifugation in isolation of plant cell organelles.
5. Assay and estimation of acid and alkaline phosphatases in plant seeds.
6. Assay and estimation of amylases from different plant tissues.
7. Principle and application of electrophoresis.
8. Quantitative estimation of chlorophyll a and b.
9. Chloroplast isolation from leaves and demonstration of Hill’s Activity.
10. Effect of auxin, cytokinin, giberrilic acid on plant growth.
11. Estimation of total phenolic compounds.
12. Application of paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas liquid chromatography and HPLC in      the separation of biomolecules.
13. Isolation and estimation of DNA and RNA.

• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.
• Organic Molecules - The building blocks of life: Cell organelles, structure and function of biomolecules (amino      acids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids).
• Protein structure and function: Primary, secondary, super secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of      proteins, sequence and structure motifs and domains, folding and functions; protein structure determination      methods (X-Ray diffraction, NMR and CD Spectroscopy), conformational properties of proteins.      Ramachandran plot- hard sphere approach, soft potentials, protein transport and trafficking, protein DNA      interactions and protein - protein interactions.
• Nature of energy - Photosynthesis: Chloroplast biogenesis and development, protein transport into      chloroplast, photosynthesis and photorespiration, depletion of ozone layer and UV B effect on productivity of      plants.
• Growth and development - Phytohormones: Hormone biosynthesis and metabolism (auxin, ethylene, abscisic      acid, brassinosteroids and gibberellins), role of hormones in plant growth and development and hormones in      defense against insects and diseases.
• Growth and development- Messenger systems and signaling: Concept of signal transduction, hormonal signal      transduction; cell signaling and cellular response, cell signaling and gene expression, methods to study cell      signaling, biochemical mechanisms involved in flowering; molecular mechanism of senescence, Enzyme      kinetics - regulation and inhibition.
• Nature of energy - Respiration: Metabolic pathways and their regulation, bioenergetics, generation and      utilization of ATP, metabolism of nitrogen containing compounds: nitrogen fixation, amino acids and       nucleotides.
• Stress physiology: Water deficit and its physiological consequences, drought tolerance mechanisms, salinity      stress and plant responses, heat stress and heat shock proteins, metal toxicity and biotic stress.

Practical syllabus
1. Quantitative estimation of proteins and amino acids.
2. Quantitative estimation of sugars.
3. Extraction and estimation of total lipids.
4. Application of centrifugation in isolation of plant cell organelles.
5. Assay and estimation of acid and alkaline phosphatases in plant seeds.
6. Assay and estimation of amylases from different plant tissues.
7. Principle and application of electrophoresis.
8. Quantitative estimation of chlorophyll a and b.
9. Chloroplast isolation from leaves and demonstration of Hill’s Activity.
10. Effect of auxin, cytokinin, giberrilic acid on plant growth.
11. Estimation of total phenolic compounds.
12. Application of paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas liquid chromatography and HPLC in the separation of biomolecules.
13. Isolation and estimation of DNA and RNA.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Books Recommended
1. Nelson D and Cox M M (2008) Lehninger principles of biochemistry, 4th edition, Publisher: BI publications Pvt.      Ltd, ISBN: 1403948763, ISBN-13: 9781403948762, 978-1403948762.
2. Buchanan B B and Gruissem W (2005) Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants. Publisher: I.K International      Pvt Ltd. ISBN: 8188237116, ISBN-13: 9788188237111.
3. Campbell M K and Farrell S O (2007) Biochemistry, Publisher: Thomson Brooks/cole, ISBN: 0495390410, ISBN-13:      780495390411.
4. Voet Donald J et al (2008) Principles of biochemistry, 3rd edition, Publisher: Cbs Publishers & Distributors, ISBN:      0470233966, ISBN-13: 9780470233962,
5. Berg J M, Tymoczko J L and Stryer L (2008) Biochemistry, Publisher: W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN: 1429235020      ISBN-13: 978-1429235020.
6. Garrett R H and Grisham C M (2010) Biochemistry, 4th edition, Publisher: Brooks/cole Cengage Learning, ISBN:      0495114642, ISBN-13: 978-0495114642.
7. Weil J H (2008) General biochemistry, Publisher: New Age International (p) Ltd, ISBN: 8122406416, ISBN-13:      788122406412.
8. Taiz L and Zeiger E (2006) Plant physiology, ISBN: 0878938567, ISBN-13: 9780878938568, Publisher: Sinauer      Associates Inc.
9. Salisbury (2009) Plant physiology, Publisher: Cengage Learning (Thompson), ISBN: 8131501655, ISBN-13:      9788131501658.
10. Dey P M and Harborne JB (2000) Plant biochemistry, ISBN: 9814033944, ISBN-13: 9789814033947, Publisher:      Academic Press.
11. Goodwin T W and Mercer E I (2003) Introduction to plant biochemistry, Publisher: Cbs Publishers & Distributors,      2nd edition, ISBN: 8123906161, ISBN-13: 9788123906164.
12. Ochiai E (2008) Bioinorganic chemistry: A survey, Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0120887568, ISBN-13:      780120887569.
13. Haynie D T (2007) Biological thermodynamics, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 0521704049,       ISBN-13: 9780521704045.
14. Webb M and Dixon E C (1964) Enzymes, Second edition, Publisher: Academic Press; ASIN: B0000CM30B.
15. Segel I H and Segel E (1993) Enzyme kinetics: Behavior and analysis of rapid equilibrium and steady-state      enzyme systems, Publisher: Wiley-interscience, ISBN: 0471303097, ISBN-13: 9780471303091.
16. Shukla A N (2009) Elements of enzymology, Publisher: Discovery Publishing House, ISBN: 8183564038,      ISBN- 13:9788183564038.
17. Christopher K, Mathews K E, Van Holde and Kevin G Ahern (2000) Biochemistry, Publisher: Addison-Wesley,      ISBN: 9780805330663.
18. Rawn D J (1989) Biochemistry (international edition), Publisher: Neil Patterson Pub, ISBN-10: 0892784059,      ISBN-13: 978-0892784059.

5. Advanced Animal Physiology
• Nutrition: Nutritional pattern in animals, concept of balanced-diet, digestion and absorption of      carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, neural and endocrine regulations of gastrointestinal movement and       secretion.
• Organization of nervous system: Nerve impulse transmission: structure of neuron, mechanism of conduction of      nerve impulse along axon, presynaptic and post-synaptic events of neuromuscular junctions, neurotrasmitters      and neuromodulators, types of synapse, synthesis and release of acetyl choline, glutamate, GABA, synthesis of      serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine etc.
• Muscle Physiology: Types of muscle fibers - Structure and function, neuro-muscular junction, Excitation      -contraction coupling, molecular basis of muscle contraction, motor unit and muscle contraction, smooth,      cardiac and skeletal muscles, biophysics of musculoskeletal systems, experimental study of electrical      activity.
• Renal physiology: Urine formation, regulation of water electrolyte balance and role of kidney and hormones,     acid base balance and its regulation by kidney and hormones.
• Physiology of blood circulation: Components of blood and their functional significance, blood pressure and its     regulation, cascade of biochemical reactions involved in coagulation of blood, blood groups and other     factors.
• Reproductive physiology: Endocrinology of the foetal gonads, structure and functions of adult mammalian     testis and ovary, parturition, lactation and pregnancy

Practical syllabus:-
1. Equipment in the laboratory - maintenance and use.
2. Determination of hemoglobin in the blood by various methods.
3. Isolation and estimation of DNA and RNA.
4. Extraction and estimation of acid phosphatases from serum.
5. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
6. Electrophoresis of egg proteins.
7. Determination of urea and uric acid in the urine.
8. Estimation of glucose by different methods.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Books recommended:-
1. Devlin T M (2005) Textbook of Biochemistry with clinical correlations (Textbook of biochemistry W/Clinical     correlations), Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc ISBN: 0471678082, ISBN-13: 9780471678083, 978-0471678083.
2. Murray R K (2009) Harper’s illustrated biochemistry (ie), Publisher: Jaypee ISBN: 007163827X, ISBN-13:     9780071638272, 978-0071638272.
3. Guyton (2007) Textbook of medical physiology 11/e with student consult access, Publisher: Elsevier India Pvt     ltd, ISBN: 8181479203, ISBN-13: 9788181479204, 978-8181479204.
4. Khurana (2006) Textbook of medical physiology, Publisher: Elsevier India P Ltd ISBN: 8181478509, ISBN-13:     9788181478504, 978-8181478504.
5. Hill R W, Wyse G A and Anderson M (2008) Animal physiology, 2nd Edition, Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc,     ISBN: 0878933174, ISBN-13: 9780878933174, 978-0878933174.
6. Tyagi P (2009) A textbook of Animal Physiology, ISBN: 8178886855, ISBN-13: 9788178886855, 978-8178886855.
7. Brody T (1998) Nutritional biochemistry, Publisher: Academic Press, ISBN: 0121348369, ISBN-13: 9780121348366,     978-0121348366.
8. Linder (1993) Nutritional biochemistry and metabolism, Publisher: Mcgraw-hill/appleton & Lange, ISBN:     0838570852, ISBN-13: 9780838570852, 978-0838570852.

6. Biochemistry and Metabolism

• Biomolecules: Structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, human energy requirements and     recommended dietary allowances , micronutrients, vitamins, minerals, dietary fibre and nutraceuticals, high     energy compounds.
• Metabolic pathways: Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, glycogen     metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, oxidation of fatty acids,     fatty acid synthesis, regulation of fatty acid metabolism chemistry of lipids: their biosynthesis and breakdown,     regulation of lipid metabolism, amino acid deamination, urea cycle, amino acid synthesis, regulation of amino     acid metabolism, synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, regulation of nucleotide synthesis and     integration of metabolic pathways, structure and function of vitamins and role of coenzymes in different     metabolic pathways.
• Organization of biological membranes: The fluid mosaic model and its implication for membrane mediated     cellular events.
• Enzyme kinetics: Scope of enzymology, classification and nomenclature. Kinetics: chemical kinetics; variations     of velocity with [E], [S], pH and temperature; enzyme inhibition; bi-substrate reaction kinetics; uses of kinetic     studies in determining enzyme mechanism; scope for increasing enzyme efficiency, mechanisms of enzyme     catalysis; enzyme specificity.
• Enzyme catalysis: Enzyme catalysis (acid, base, electrostatic, metal ion, free radical, transition state binding     and covalent), cofactors, proximity and orientation effects, contributions of strain, determination of     mechanism, rationale for modification of enzyme function(s) for application.
• Stress physiology: Oxidative stress and types of free radicals, their role in cell metabolism and diseases,     antioxidant defense system, detoxification mechanism, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.
• Protein folding: In vivo protein folding, chaperones, protein loss, misfolding, aggregation, context     dependence of protein secondary structure, protein misfolding diseases, therapeutic approaches; protein     degradation, exo- and endo-proteases, mechanisms to escape digestion by exopeptidases, proteasomes,     ubiquitin dependent and independent mechanisms of protein degradation.

Practical syllabus:-

1. Preparation of buffers, pH setting etc.
2. Quantitative Estimation of Proteins and amino acids.
3. Quantitative Estimation of Sugars.
4. Extraction and estimation of total lipids.
5. Assay and estimation of acid and alkaline phosphatases in plant seeds.
6. Assay and estimation of amylases.
7. Principle and application of electrophoresis.
8. Estimation of total phenolic compounds.
9. Extraction and estimation of vitamins.
10. Estimation of important minerals e.g. Ca, N, P, K, Na, Mg, Fe etc.
11. Determination of urea and uric acid in the urine.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Books Recommended

1. Roberts M (1986) Biology - A functional approach fourth edition, Publisher: Nelson Thornes, ISBN-10:     0174480199, ISBN-13: 978-0174480198.
2. Raven P H, Johnson G B and Mason K A (2007) Biology, Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill, ISBN: 0073227390, ISBN-13:     9780073227399.
3. Randall D J, Burggren W and French K (2001) Eckert animal physiology, Publisher: W.H. Freeman & Company,     ISBN: 0716738635 ISBN-13: 978-0716738633.
4. Brown T A (2006) Gene Cloning and DNA analysis: In introduction, Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Professional,     ISBN: 1405111216, ISBN-13: 9781405111218.
5. Nelson D and Cox M M (2008) Lehninger principles of biochemistry, 4th edition, Publisher: BI publications Pvt.     Ltd, ISBN: 1403948763, ISBN-13: 9781403948762, 978-1403948762.
6. Voet Donald J et al (2008) Principles of biochemistry 3rd edition, Publisher: Cbs Publishers & Distributors, ISBN:     0470233966, ISBN-13: 9780470233962.
7. Webb M, and Dixon C E (1964) Enzymes, 2nd edition, Publisher: Academic Press; ASIN: B0000CM30B.
8. Segel H I and Segel E (1993) Enzyme kinetics: Behavior and analysis of rapid equilibrium and steady-state     enzyme systems, Publisher: Wiley-interscience, ISBN: 0471303097, ISBN-13: 9780471303091.
9. Shukla A N (2009) Elements of enzymology, Publisher: Discovery Publishing House ISBN: 8183564038,                   ISBN-13: 9788183564038.
10. Ochiai E (2008) Bioinorganic chemistry: A survey, Publisher: Academic Press ISBN: 0120887568, ISBN-13:     780120887569.
11. Haynie D T (2007) Biological thermodynamics, Publisher: Cambridge University Press Binding, ISBN:        0521704049, ISBN-13: 9780521704045.
12. Berg J M, Tymoczko J L and Stryer L (2008) Biochemistry, Publisher: W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN:        1429235020, ISBN-13: 978-1429235020
13. Mathews C K, Van Holde K E and Ahern K G (2000) Biochemistry, ISBN: 9780805330663, Publisher: Addison     -Wesley, Binding: hardcover.
14. Rawn D J (1989) Biochemistry (International edition), Publisher: Neil Patterson Pub, ISBN-10: 0892784059,         ISBN-13 : 978-0892784059.
15. Creighton Thomas E (1992) Proteins: Structures and molecular properties, Publisher: W H Freeman & Company,        ISBN: 071677030X, ISBN-13: 9780716770305, 978-0716770305.
16. Cleland J L (1993) Protein folding: In vivo and in vitro, Publisher: American Chemical Society, ISBN:        0841226407, ISBN-13: 9780841226401, 978-0841226401.

7. Evolution and Genetics:

• Evolutionary Biology: Origin of life, concepts of evolution and theories of organic evolution with emphasis on     Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism, natural selection and differential reproduction and role of mutations in     evolution.
• Speciation: Genetics of speciation, phylogenetics and biological concept of species, patterns and     mechanisms of reproductive isolation, models of speciation (allopatric, sympatric, parapatric) and human     evolution.
• Molecular Evolution: Gene evolution, evolution of gene families, molecular drive, evolution and RNA origin of     higher categories, phylogenetic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium, micro and macro evolution,     molecular phylogenetics and phylogenetic trees.
• Chromosome and Gene mapping: Mendelian inheritance, chromosome structure, molecular basis of     chromosome pairing and crossing over, chromosomal aberrations, gene mapping using chromosomal     aberrations, genetic segregation of autopolyploids, aneuploids and their use in gene mapping.
• Human Genetics: History and development of human genetics, Human genome variation, concept and     application, applications and implications of advances in human genetics, ethical and social issues.
• Methods of genetic analysis: Genetic analysis of mutants: recombination, genetic mapping and test of     allelism, mechanisms of genetic exchange: transformation, conjugation, and transduction.
• Population genetics: Genetics polymorphism, panmictic and Mendelian population, Hardy-Weinberg genetic     equilibrium, causes of changes in gene frequency, natural and artificial selection, heritability, genetic load,     Fisher’s fundamental theorem, coadapted gene complex, supergenes, linkage disequilibrium, genetic     distance, molecular genetic analysis of populations, mechanisms of speciation and evolution.

Practical syllabus:-
1. Construction of phylogenetic tree.
2. To estimate the age of bones of individuals based on morphological changes.
3. Quantitative genetics: Mean, standard deviation, chi-square and variance.
4. Techniques of cytological preparations.
5. Differential staining of chromosomes.
6. Detection and estimation of linkage using F2 data.
7. Calculating gene frequencies and genotype frequencies for autosomal traits, sex linked and multiple allele     controlled characters.
8. Karyotype studies of normal and abnormal individuals.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Books recommended:-
1. Brooker R J (2008) Genetics: Analysis and principles, Publisher: Mcgraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, ISBN:     007722972X, ISBN-13: 9780077229726.
2. Strickberger (2008) Genetics 3rd Edition, Publisher: Prentice-Hall of India Pvt Ltd, ISBN: 8120309499, ISBN-13:     9788120309494.
3. Brown T A (2006) Genomes 3, Publisher: Garland Science, ISBN-10: 0815341385, ISBN-13: 978-0815341383.
4. Griffiths A J F, Wessler S R and Lewontin R C (2008) Introduction to genetic analysis Publisher: W H Freeman and     company, ISBN: 1429233230, ISBN-13: 9781429233231.
5. Gardner E J, Simmons M J and Snustad DP (2006) Principles of genetics, 8th Ed, Publisher: Wiley, ISBN:     8126510439 ISBN-13: 9788126510436.
6. Snustad D P and Simmons M J (2008) Principles of genetics, Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc, ISBN: 0470388250,     ISBN-13: 9780470388259.
7. Miglani G S (2007) Advanced genetics 2 edition, Publisher: Narosa Book Distributors Pvt. Ltd, ISBN: 8173197989,     ISBN-13: 978- 8173197987.
8. Read A and Donnai D (2007) New clinical genetics, Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Pr. ISBN:     1904842313, ISBN-13: 9781904842316.
9. Strachan T and Read A P (2003) Human molecular genetics, Publisher: Bios, ISBN: 0815341849, ISBN-13:     9780815341840.
10.Jobling M A, Mathew H and Smith C T (2004) Human evolutionary genetics, origins, people and diseases,      Publisher: Garland Science (Taylor and Francis Group) UK, ISBN: 0815341857, ISBN-13: 9780815341857.
12. Dobzhansky T, Eldridge N and Gould S J (1982) Genetics and the origin of Species (Classics of modern       evolution series), Publisher: Columbia University Press, ISBN: 0231054750, ISBN-13: 9780231054751.
13. Jha A P (2000) Genes and evolution, Publisher: Macmillan Publishers India, ISBN: 0333927109, ISBN-13:      9780333927106.
14. Strickberger M W (2000) Evolution, Publisher: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, inc. ISBN: 0763710660, ISBN-13:       9780763710668.
15. Hartl D L (1999) A Primer of population genetics, Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc., ISBN: 0878933042, ISBN-13:      9780878933044.
16. Gupta P K (2007) Genetics, Publisher: Rastogi Publications, ISBN: 8171338429, ISBN-13: 9788171338429.
17. Freifelder D (2009) Microbial genetics 2nd Edition, Publisher: Narosa Book Distributors Pvt. Ltd, ISBN:        8173196974, ISBN-13: 9788173196973.
18. Snyder L and Champness W (2007) Molecular genetics of bacteria (Snyder, Molecular genetics of bacteria),       Publisher: Amer society for microbiology, ISBN: 1555813992, ISBN-13: 9781555813994.
19. Morgan T H (2008) Evolution and genetics, Publisher: Jesson Press, ISBN: 1443767018, ISBN-13 : 978      -14437670192.
20. Weiss K M, Buchanan A V (2004) Genetics and the logic of evolution, Publisher: Wiley-Liss, ISBN: 0471238058,       ISBN-13: 9780471238058.
21. Mettler L E, Henry E. Schaffer H E, Gregg T G (1988) Population genetics and evolution (2nd Edition), Publisher:      Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, ISBN: 0136856780, ISBN-13: 9780136856788.
22. Donnelly PJ, Donnelly P and Tavare S (1997) Progress in population genetics and human evolution, Publisher:       Springer US, ISBN: 0387949445, ISBN-13: 978-0387949444.
23. Den Brink J M V, Vorontsov N N and Genetikov U O V (2007) Animal genetics and evolution, Publisher: Dr. W.      Junk, ISBN: 9061936020, ISBN-13: 9789061936022.

8. Industrial Microbiology
• Microbial diversity: prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, microbial nutrition, growth kinetics and control,     antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance, host microbe interactions and transporters in microbes
• Microbiology of food products of industrial microbiology, introduction to microbial diseases, e.g., bacterial,     viral, fungal and protozoan (respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal tract infections, sexually transmitted     diseases, infections in the compromised host), microbial degradation/detoxification of waste,
• Pathways and regulation of sugar metabolism in E. Coli, Bacillus, Pseudomonas etc; mechanism and regulation     of fermentation and anaerobic respiration, regulation of citric acid cycle and electron transport pathways.     Single carbon metabolism; mechanism and regulation of aromatic hydrocarbons and cellulose.
• Mechanism and regulation of utilization of ammonia, nitrate and other combined nitrogen sources. Nitrogen     fixation - mechanism and regulation of nitrogen fixation in klebsiella, azotobacter, rhizobium, cyanobacteria     etc. Metabolism of phosphorus, sulfur and trace elements; metabolic engineering of bacteria.
• Mechanism of bacterial motility, adaptation to stationary phase, heat and cold shock, osmolarity, salinity,     oxidative stress etc metabolism of bacteria under natural environment.
• Single cell protein- Chlorella, Spirullina, yeasts, mushrooms- Single cell protein from wastes. Economic     implications of SCP. Microbial production of enzymes- cellulose, lipase, Taq polymerase and restriction     endonuclease. Production of wine, vinegar and alcohol, Biofertilisers- Cyanobacteria, Azospirillum, VAM and     Azolla. Strategies applied for drug discoveries
• Microbes involved in biodegradation of organic wastes and xenobiotic compounds- heavy metals, pesticides      and insecticides. Bioinsecticides- BT toxin. Microbial leaching- extraction of metals from ores. Biofuels,       microbial hydrogen production, biodegradation of oils and petroleum products.

Practical syllabus:-

1. Equipment in the laboratory - maintenance and use.
2. Preparation and sterilization of reagents and media.
3. Packing and sterilization of glass and plastic wares.
4. Isolation and enumeration of microorganisms.
5. Fermentative production of ethyl alcohol by Yeast.
6. Production, extraction and purification of antibiotic/s.
7. Preparation and applications of Biofertilizer and Biopesticides.
8. Bacterial staining.
9. Use of microbiological techniques for isolation of bacteria from soil.
a. Pour plate.
b. Spread plate.
c. Streak plate.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.
Books recommended:-
1. Sherman C N (1996) Microbiology: A laboratory manual, Publisher: Benjamin-cummings Publishing Company,     ISBN: 0805305734, ISBN-13: 9780805305739, 978-0805305739.
2. Cappuccino J G and Sherman N (2007) Microbiology: A laboratory manual, Publisher: Benjamin-cummings      Publishing Company, ISBN: 0805325786, ISBN-13: 9780805325782, 978-0805325782.
3. Prescott, Harley and Klein (2008) Prescott, Harley, and Klein's microbiology, Publisher: Mcgraw-hill Education    (Asia), ISBN: 0071267271, ISBN-13: 9780071267274, 978-0071267274.
4. Krieg N R and Pelczar M J (1998) Microbiology, Publisher: Tata Mgraw Hill, ISBN: 0074623206, ISBN-13:     9780074623206, 978-0074623206.
5. Persing D H, Versalovic J and Tang Yi-wei (2003) Molecular microbiology: diagnostic principles and practice,     Publisher: Asm Press, ISBN: 155581221X, ISBN-13: 9781555812218, 978-1555812218.
6. Stanier R Y, Ingraham J L and Wheelis M L (2007) General microbiology, Publisher: Macmillan Press Ltd, ISBN:     0333763645, ISBN-13: 9780333763643, 978-0333763643.
7. Nester E W, Anderson D G and Nester M T (2006) Micobiology: A human perspective, Publisher: Mcgraw-hill     Higher Education, ISBN: 0073305367, ISBN-13: 9780073305363, 978-0073305363.
8. Waites M J, Morgan N L and Higton G (2001) Industrial microbiology: An introduction, Publisher: Wiley    -blackwell, ISBN: 0632053070, ISBN-13: 9780632053070, 978-0632053070.
9. Freifelder D (2009) Microbial genetics 2nd Edition, Publisher: Narosa Book Distributors Pvt. Ltd, ISBN:     8173196974, ISBN-13: 9788173196973.
10. Snyder L and Champness W (2007) Molecular genetics of bacteria (Snyder, Molecular genetics of bacteria),       Publisher: Amer Society for Microbiology, ISBN: 1555813992, ISBN-13: 9781555813994.
11. Hogg S (2005) Essential microbiology, Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc, ISBN: 0471497541, ISBN-13:        9780471497547.
9. Advanced Immunology
• Immune system: Recognition of self and nonself, Humoral immunity-immunoglogulins, basic structure, classes    and subclasses, structure and function relationship, nature of antigen, antigen-antibody reaction, estimation    of affinity constants.
• Molecular mechanisms of antibody diversity: Organization of genes coding for constant and variable regions     of heavy chains and light chains. Mechanisms of antibody diversity, class switching.
• Cellular immunity: Lymphocytes, cytokines, interferons, antigen recognition-membrane receptors for antigens,     differentiation of T and B lymphocytes and surface markers.
• Complement system: Complement components, their structure and functions and mechanisms of     complement activation by classical, alternative and lectin pathway.
• Major histocompatibility system: Structure and functions of MHC and HLA system, polymorphism, distribution     variation and function. Association of MHC with disease and superantigen, recognition of antigens by T and B     -cells, antigen processing, role of MHC molecules in antigen presentation and co stimulatory signals, tumor     immunology
• Hypersensitivity: Types, features and mechanisms of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions,    immunity to microbes, immunity to tumors, AIDS and immunodeficiencies, hybridoma technology and    monoclonal antibodies, vaccines; natural, synthetic and genetic, problem and prospect associated with    development of vaccine for diseases like AIDS, cancer and malaria.
• Monoclonal antibodies: Production, characterization and applications in diagnosis, therapy and basic     research, immunotoxins, concept of making immunotoxins, ricin and abzymes.
• Diagnostic immunology: Methods for immunoglobulin determination-quantitative and qualitative antigen    and antibody reactions, agglutination-precipitation, immunoflourescence, immunoblotting and assessment of    human allergic diseases.
Practical syllabus:-
1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
2. Isolation of lymphocytes and separation of T and B cells.
3. Immunization and production of polyclonal antibodies.
4. Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion.
5. Separation of serum protein by submerged agarose gel electrophoresis.
6. Estimation of alkaline phosphatase from patient’s serum.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.
Books recommended:-
1. Tizard (2008) Immunology an introduction, Publisher: Cengage Learning (Thompson), ISBN: 8131500039, ISBN         -13: 9788131500033, 978-8131500033.
2. Goldsby R A, Kindt T J and Osborne BA (2008) Kuby Immunology 6th edition, Publisher: I.K. International Pvt. Ltd,     ISBN: 0716767643, ISBN-13: 9780716767640.
3. Sawhney S K and Randhir S (2005) Introductory practical biochemistry, Publisher: Alpha Science International     Ltd, ISBN-10: 1842652451, ISBN-13: 978-1842652459.
4. Delves P J, Roitt I M and Seamus J M (2006) Roitt's essential immunology (Series-Essentials) Publisher: Blackwell     Publishers, ISBN: 1405136030, ISBN-13: 9781405136037, 978-1405136037.
5. Charles A and Janeway J R (1994) Immunobiology: The immune system in health and disease, Publisher:     Blackwell Publishing, ISBN: 0865428115, ISBN13: 9780865428119, 978-0865428119.
6. Paul W E (1993) Fundamental immunology, Publisher: Raven Press, ISBN: 0781700221, ISBN13: 9780781700221,     978-0781700221.
7. Abbas (2008) Cellular and Molecular immunology, 6th edition, Publisher: Cbs Publishers & Distributors, ISBN:     8131210340, ISBN13: 9788131210345, 978-8131210345.
8. Elgert K D (2009) Immunology: Understanding the immune system, Publisher: Wiley-blackwell, ISBN: 0470081570,     ISBN13: 9780470081570, 978-0470081570.

10. Nanobiotechnology and its Applications
• Introduction to nanotechnology: Properties of materials & nanomaterials; role of size in nanomaterials; electronic properties; classification of materials: metal, semiconductor, insulator, band structures, Brillouin zones, mobility, resistivity, relaxation time, recombination centers, Hall effects, confinement and transport in nanostructure.
• Magnetic properties of nanoparticles: Fundamentals of magnetism; different kind of magnetism in nature: dia, para, ferro, antiferro, ferri, superpara; important properties in relation to nanomagnetism; optical properties, photoconductivity, optical absorption & transmission, photoluminescence, fluorescence.
• Physical methods for nanomaterial synthesis: Inert gas condensation; arc discharge, RF-plasma, plasma arc technique, ion sputtering, laser ablation, laser pyrolysis, ball milling, molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapour deposition method and other variants and electrodeposition.
• Chemical methods for nanomaterial synthesis: Metal nanocrystals by reduction, solvothermal synthesis, photochemical synthesis, electrochemical synthesis, nanocrystals of semiconductors and other materials by arrested precipitation, thermolysis routes, sonochemical routes, liquid-liquid interface, hybrid methods, solvated metal atom dispersion, post-synthetic size-selective processing, sol-gel, micelles and microemulsions and cluster compounds.
• Biological methods of synthesis: Use of bacteria, fungi and bacteria for biological synthesis of nanoparticles; mechanism of formation, process and applications; Role of plants in nanoparticle synthesis; testing of environmental toxic effect of nanoparticles using microorganisms; organic-inorganic nanocomposite formation through self-assembly; biomimetic synthesis of nanocomposite material; use of synthetic nanocomposites for bone and teeth replacement.
• Nanoparticle-biomaterial hybrid systems: Bioelectronic devices; bioelectronic systems based on nanoparticle-enzyme hybrids; nanoparticle based bioelectronic biorecognition events; biomaterial based metallic nanowires, networks and circuitry; DNA and protein based nanocircuitry; DNA based nanomechanical devices; biosensor and biochips.
• Applications of nanobiotechnology: Nanoparticles as molecular labels; biological labeling using quantum dots as molecular labels; AFM based nanolithography and nanomanipulation, nanocomposite biomaterials, teeth and bone substitution; natural nanocomposite systems as spider silk, bones and shells.
• Nanotoxicity: Human exposure to nanomaterials; toxicity of nanomaterials; method to study and access the nanotoxicity; method to control toxicity of nanomaterials.

Practical syllabus:
1. Chemical synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles.
2. Measurement of UV-Visible absorbance properties and determination of size of nanoparticles by Mie theory.
3. Determination of MIC of silver and gold nanoparticles against the bacteria and its comparison with free salt of corresponding metal.
4. Synthesis of polymeric (PLGA, chitosan, albumin and PCL) nanoparticles by emulsion diffusion evaporation method.
5. Determination of size and polydispersity index (PDI) of nanoparticles using zeta-sizer and AFM.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Books recommended:
1. Gonsalves K, Halberstadt C and Laurencin C T (2007) Biomedical nanostructures; Publisher: John Wiley & Sons      Inc, ISBN: 0471925527, ISBN-13: 9780471925521, 978-0471925521.
2. Lee A P, Lee A P E and Lee James (2006) Biomems and biomedical nanotechnology Vol I: Biological And     Biomedical Nanotechnology-II, Publisher: Springer Us, ISBN: 038725563X, ISBN-13: 9780387255637, 978     -0387255637.
3. Goodsell D S, Olson A J and Goodsell D S (2004) Bionanotechnology: Lessons from nature; Publisher: Wiley-liss,     ISBN: 047141719X, ISBN-13: 9780471417194, 978-0471417194.
4. Nalwa H S (2004) Encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 10 Vol. Set; Publisher: American     Scientific Publishers, ISBN: 1588830012; ISBN-13: 9781588830012, 978-1588830012.
5. Nalwa H S (2005) Handbook of nanostructured biomaterials and their applications in nanobiotechnology,     Publisher: Amer scientific pub, ISBN: 1588830330, ISBN-13: 9781588830333, 978-1588830333.
6. Poole C and Owens F (2007) Introduction to nanotechnology, Publisher: Wiley ISBN: 8126510994, ISBN-13   :     9788126510993, 978-8126510993.
7. Mirkin C A and Niemeyer C M (2007) Nanobiotechnology II: More concepts and applications; Publisher: Wiley    - vch Verlag Gmbh, ISBN: 3527316736, ISBN-13: 9783527316731, 978-3527316731.
8. Niemeyer C M and Mirkin C A (2004) Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, applications and perspectives, Publisher:    Wiley - vch Verlag Gmbh, ISBN: 3527306587, ISBN-13: 9783527306589, 978-3527306589.
9. U Heiz and U Landman (2006) Nanocatalysis (Nanoscience and technology), Publisher: Springer, ISBN:     3540326456, ISBN-13: 9783540326458, 978-3540326458.
10. Pulickel De, Ajayan M, Schadler Linda S, Braun P V and Keblinski P (2000) Nanocomposite science and       technology, Publisher: Wiley-VCH, ISBN: 352731248X, ISBN-13: 978-3527312481.
11. Donglu Shi (2009) Nanomaterials and biomedical applications; Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, ISBN:       3540496602, ISBN-13: 9783540496601, 978-3540496601.
12. Rao C N R, Muller A and Cheetham A K (2007) Nanomaterials chemistry: Recent developments and new       directions, Publisher: Wiley-vch Verlag Gmbh, ISBN: 3527316647, ISBN-13: 9783527316649, 978-3527316649.
13. Domb A J, Tabata Y, Ravi Kumar M N V and Farber S (2006) Nanoparticles for pharmaceutical applications,       Publisher: American Scientific Publishers, ISBN: 1588830896, ISBN-13: 978-1588830896,.
14. Karn B, Masciangioli T and Zhang Wei-xian (2005) Nanotechnology and the environment: Applications and        implications, Publisher: American Chemical Society ISBN: 0841238774, ISBN-13: 9780841238770, 978       -0841238770.
15. Sellers K, Mackay C and Bergeson L L (2008) Nanotechnology and the environment, Publisher: Taylor & Francis,       ISBN: 1420060198, ISBN-13: 9781420060195, 978-1420060195.
16. Khler M, Fritzsche W and Kohler M (2007) Nanotechnology: An introduction to nanostructuring techniques,        Publisher: Wiley-vch Verlag Gmbh ISBN: 352731871, ISBN-13: 9783527318711, 978-3527318711.
17. Schulte Jurgen (2005) Nanotechnology: Global strategies, industry trends and applications, Publisher: John       Wiley & Sons, ISBN: 0470854006, ISBN-13: 9780470854006, 978-0470854006.
18. Bhushan Bharat (2006) Springer handbook of nanotechnology, [with Cdrom]; Publisher: Springer Verlag, ISBN:       354029855X, ISBN-13: 9783540298557, 978-3540298557.

11. Advanced Virology
• Basic virology: History and principles of virology; general characteristics, morphology, classification (through     virus classification schemes of ICTV / ICNV) and ultra-structure of plant, animal and bacterial viruses.
• Replication strategies in viruses: Replication of DNA and RNA virus; multiplication of bacteriophages; genetic     analysis of viruses, virus related agents, viroids and prions.
• Assay of viruses: Cultivation and purification of viruses; assay of viruses - physical and chemical methods     (Electron microscopy and protein and nucleic acids studies.); infectivity assays (plaque and end-point).
• Plant viral pathogenesis: Entry and up coating, viral genome expression, synthesis of mRNA, plant virus     genome strategies, molecular, biochemical and physiological aspects of pathogens to establish disease and     combat plant defense.
• Pathogenesis of plant and animal viruses: Patterns of infection; host cell defense; host cell transformation by     viruses and oncogenesis of DNA and RNA viruses.
• Viral diseases and management: Important diseases caused by virus and virus like agents in plants and     animals - their mode of transmission and pre and post infection management.

Practical syllabus
1. Principles of biosafety, containment facilities, maintenance and handling of laboratory animals and     requirements of virological laboratory
2. Cultivation and assay of viruses using embryonated eggs, tissue culture techniques.
3. Bioassay of plant viruses.
4. Isolation of viral DNA and RNA.
5. Indexing of viruses (plants and animals).
6. One step growth curve for determination of virus titre.
7. Study of symptoms of diseases in plants and animals caused by viruses.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Books recommended
1. Carter J and Saunders V (2007) Virology: Principles and applications, Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc, ISBN:     0470023872, ISBN-13: 9780470023877.
2. Karanth A (2008) Plant virology, Publisher: Dominant publishers and distributors, ISBN: 817888545X, ISBN-13:     9788178885452.
3. Mahy Brian W J et al (2010) Desk encyclopedia of human and medical virology, ISBN: 0123751470, ISBN-13:     9780123751478, Publisher: Academic Press
4. Wagner E K, Hewlett M J, Bloom D C (2007) Basic virology, Publisher: John Wiley & Sons ISBN: 1405147156, ISBN     -13: 9781405147156.
5. Flint S J, Enquist L W and Racaniello V R (2009) Principles of virology 2 Volume Set, Publisher: Amer Society for     Microbiology, ISBN: 1555814433, ISBN-13: 9781555814434.
6. Banatvala J E, Griffiths P and Schoub B (2009) Principles and practice of clinical virology, Publisher: John Wiley     & Sons, ISBN: 0470517999, ISBN-13: 9780470517994.
7. Hull Roger (2001) Matthews' Plant virology, 4th Edition, Publisher: Academic Press, ISBN-10: 0123611601 ISBN-13     : 978-0123611604.
8. Astier S, Albouy J, Maury Y, Robaglia C and Lecoq H (2007) Principles of plant virology: genome, pathogenicity,     virus ecology, Publisher: Science Publishers; ISBN-10: 1578083168, ISBN-13: 978-1578083169.

12. Cell Signaling and Hormones
• Hormones and metabolic regulation, hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through     G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, secondary messengers, regulation of signaling     pathways
• Bacterial and plant two-component signaling systems, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing, general     principles of cell communication
• Cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins,     neurotransmission and its regulation
• Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells,     alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases     in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells.
• Chemistry, synthesis, catabolism and physiological action and mechanism of action of pituitary, thyroid,     pancreas and adrenals.

List of books recommended:-
1. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser Chris A, Krieger M, Scott M P, Bretscher A, Ploegh H and Matsudaira P (2007) Molecular     cell biology (Lodish, Molecular cell biology), Publisher: W.h. Freeman & Company, ISBN: 0716776014, ISBN-13:     9780716776017, 978-0716776017.
2. Helmreich E and Helmreich E J M (2001) The Biochemistry of cell signalling, Publisher: Oxford University Press,     USA, ISBN: 0198508204, ISBN-13: 9780198508205, 978-0198508205.
3. Hancock John T (2005) Cell signalling, Publisher: Oxford University Press, ISBN: 0199264678, ISBN-13:     9780199264674, 978-0199264674.
4. Gomperts Bastien D, Kramer Ijsbrand M and Tatham Peter E R (2009) Signal transduction, Publisher: Academic     Press, ISBN: 0123694418, ISBN-13: 9780123694416, 978-0123694416.
5. Gerhard Krauss (2008) Biochemistry of signal transduction and regulation, Publisher: Wiley-vch Verlag Gmbh,     ISBN : 3527313974, ISBN-13: 9783527313976, 978-3527313976.
6. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K and Walter P (2007) Molecular biology of The Cell, Publisher:     Garland Publishing ISBN: 0815341113, ISBN-13: 9780815341116, 978-0815341116.
7. Bogre L and Beemster G (2008) Plant growth signaling (Series - Plant cell monographs), Publisher: Springer     Verlag, ISBN: 3540775897, ISBN-13: 9783540775898, 978-3540775898.

13. Cancer Biology
• Biology of cancer: Phenotype of a cancer cell , causes of cancer -DNA tumor viruses, RNA tumor viruses, cell     cycle and its control-role of protein kinases, checkpoints, kinase inhibitor and cellular response, different forms     of cancers, diet and cancer screening and early detection , tumor markers, molecular tools for early diagnosis     of cancer.
• Programmed cell death (Apoptosis): Intracellular proteolytic cascade, cascade of caspase proteins, adapter     proteins, Bcl-2, IAP family proteins, extra cellular control of cell division, tumor necrosis factor and related     death signals
• Genetic basis of cancer: Oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, aberrations in signaling pathways, oncogenic     mutations in growth promoting proteins, mutations causing loss of growth-inhibition and cell cycle control,     role of carcinogens and DNA repair in cancer.
• Cancer therapy: Different forms of therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, detection of cancers,     prediction of aggressiveness of cancer, advances in cancer detection, use of signal targets towards therapy     of cancer, gene therapy.
• Metastasis: Clinical significances of invasion, heterogeneity of metastatic phenotype, metastatic cascade,     basement membrane disruption, three step theory of invasion, proteinase and tumor cell division.

Practical syllabus
1. Maintenance of cancer cell lines
2. Demonstrations of different malignant markers, PSA
    (Prostate specific antigen), CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen), AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) etc.
3. Karyotype studies of normal and abnormal individuals.
4. Histopathological identification of cancer cells.
5. PCR based analysis of malignant cells.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.
Books recommended:

1. Ford C H J, Casson A G and Macdonald F (2004) Molecular biology of cancer, Publisher: Bios     Scientific Publishers ISBN: 1859962475, ISBN-13: 9781859962473, 978-1859962473.
2. Knowles Margaret A and Selby Peter J (2005) Introduction to the cellular and molecular biology of     cancer, Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA, ISBN: 019852563X, ISBN-13: 9780198525639,     978-0198525639.
3. Dimmock N J and Primrose S B (2005) Introduction to modern virology, ISBN: 1405134682, ISBN     -13: 9781405134682, 978-1405134682.
4. King Roger J B and Robins Mike W (2006) Cancer Biology, Publisher: Prentice Hall ISBN:     0131294547, ISBN-13: 9780131294547, 978-0131294547.
5. Phillis R, Goodwin S and Palladino M A (2002) Biology of cancer, Publisher: Benjamin-cummings     Publishing Company, ISBN: 0805348670, ISBN-13: 9780805348675, 978-0805348675.
6. Neoptolemos L J (1994) Cancer: A molecular approach, Publisher: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN:     0632035110, ISBN-13: 9780632035113, 978-0632035113.

14. Functional Genomics and Proteomics
• Introduction and scope, lessons from functional analysis of model genomes
• Microarray technology, methodology and data mining tools, unraveling the genetic regulatory circuits,     applications of microarray.
• Gene discovery: suppression substractive hybridization, differential display, ESTs, cDNA microarrays and     gene expression profiling
• Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and T-DNA transfer mechanism, direct transformation and in-plant     transformation
• Gene expression study; forward and reverse genetics; posttranslational gene silencing and RNAi
• Introduction to proteomics, analyses of differential expression of proteome
• Introduction to biological mass spectrometry, application of mass spectrometry in proteomics

Practical syllabus
1. Bioinformatic approaches for protein analyses.
2. Demonstration of microarray analysis (SNP analysis, mutation analysis).
3. Demontration of real time PCR.
4. Demostration of mass spectrometry.
5. Demonstration of RNAi.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Books recommended:
1. Primrose S B and Twyman R (2006), Principles of gene manipulation and genomics, Publisher: Blackwell     Publishing Professional, ISBN: 1405135441, ISBN-13: 9781405135443, 978-1405135443.
2. Twyman R (2004) Principles of proteomics (Series - Advanced Text Series), Publisher: Bios Scientific Publishers,     ISBN: 1859962734, ISBN-13: 9781859962732, 978-1859962732.
3. Choudhuri S and Carlson D B (2008) Genomics: Fundamentals and applications, Publisher: Informa Healthcare,     ISBN: 1420067052, ISBN-13: 9781420067057, 978-1420067057.
4. Brownstein M J (2007) Functional genomics: Methods and protocols, ISBN: 8181287614, ISBN-13:     9788181287618, 978-8181287618.
5. Pagel M and Pomiankowski A (2007) Evolutionary genomics and proteomics, Publisher: Sinauer Associates Inc,     ISBN: 0878936548, ISBN-13: 9780878936540, 978-0878936540.
6. Dixon G, Copping L and Livingstone D (1998) Genomics, Publisher: Garland Publishing ISBN: 1859961061, ISBN     -13 : 9781859961063, 978-1859961063.
7. Pennington D S, Pennington S R and Dunn M J (2004) Proteomics: From protein sequence to function, Publisher:     Garland Publishing, ISBN: 1859962963, ISBN-13: 9781859962961, 978-1859962961.
8. Campbell A M and Heyer L J (2006) Discovering genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics, Publisher: Benjamin     -cummings Publishing Company, ISBN: 0805382194, ISBN-13: 9780805382198, 978-0805382198.

15. Ultrastructure and organisation of cell
• Cell structure and methods in cell biology: Structural organization of cytoskeleton (structural proteins -     microfilaments, actins, etc.); nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts and their genetic organization, ultra     structure of different cell organelles, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, protein trafficking, molecular     basis of cell cycle and growth control, oncogenes, protooncogenes and etiology of cancer cell,     differentiation, apoptosis and the apoptotic cascade, ultra structure and electron microscopy, fractionation     of subcellular organelles, microscopy, morphometry and cell counting.
• Cell wall of bacteria and fungi: Important chemical features of the cell wall, structure, function and assembly     in bacteria and archae, typical model of cell wall of bacteria and archae and chemical differentiation of     fungal cell wall.
• Plant cell wall: Primary and secondary, role in growth and development, plamodesmata and transport of     molecules.
• Membrane Transport : The composition and architecture of membranes, membrane dynamics, solute transport     across membranes: passive diffusion, active transport using P and F type ATPases, ion mediated transport,     transport of ions across membranes (ion pumps), biochemical shuttles across mitochondrial membranes,     model membranes; liposomes, transport of molecules between nucleus and cytosol, transport into     mitochondria and chloroplast, endocytosis and exocytosis and protein sorting.
• Cell communication: Overview of extracellular signaling, secondary messengers and their role in signal     transduction, role of secondary messengers viz. cyclic nucleotides (e.g., cAMP and cGMP), inositol     trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) in signal transduction, role of calcium as second messenger, G     -protein coupled receptor - structure and function, ion channel receptors, tyrosine kinase linked receptors,     receptors with intrinsic enzyme activity (RTK), interaction and regulation of cell signaling pathways.

Practical syllabus (Ultrastructure and organization of cell):
1. Lab safety, preparation of buffers and reagents.
2. Isolation of cell organelles employing differential centrifugation.
3. Principle and applications of microscopy.
4. Culturing of Xenopus oocyte.
5. To study cell signaling by adding hormones to the cultured oocytes and to induce meiotic cell division.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

Recommended Books:

1. Ruiz-Herrera J, (1991) Fungal cell walls, CRC Press, ISBN-10: 0849366720, ISBN-13: 978-0849366727.
2. Brett CT and Waldron KW (2007) Physiology and biochemistry of plant cell walls, ISBN: 0412580608, ISBN-13:     978-0412580604, Publisher: Chapman & Hall.
3. Seltmann G, Holst O and Seltmann G (2002) The bacterial cell wall, Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, ISBN:     3540426086, ISBN-13: 978-3540426080.
4. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser Chris A, Krieger M, Scott M P, Bretscher A, Ploegh H and Matsudaira P (2007) Molecular     cell biology (Lodish, Molecular cell biology), Publisher: W.h. Freeman & Company, ISBN: 0716776014, ISBN-13:     9780716776017, 978-0716776017.
5. Nelson D and Cox M M (2008) Lehninger principles of biochemistry, 4th edition, Publisher: BI publications Pvt.     Ltd, ISBN: 1403948763, ISBN-13: 9781403948762, 978-1403948762.
6. Tompkins S (2010) Cell biology, Publisher: Apple academics, ISBN: 1926686896, ISBN-13: 978-1926686899.
7. Sadava D E (2009) Cell biology: Organelle structure and function, Publisher: Cbs Publishers & Distributor, ISBN:     8123914083, ISBN-13: 9788123914084.
8. Demuth D R, Lamont R J (2006) Bacterial cell-to-cell communication: Role in virulence and pathogenesis     (Advances in molecular and cellular microbiology), Publisher: Cambridge University Press, ISBN: 0521846382,     ISBN-13: 978-0521846387.
9. Hancock J T (2005) Cell signalling, Publisher: Oxford University Press, ISBN: 0199264678, ISBN-13:     9780199264674, 978-0199264674.
10. Gomperts B D, Kramer I M and Peter E R (2009) Signal transduction, Publisher: Academic Press, ISBN:     0123694418, ISBN-13: 9780123694416, 978-0123694416.
11. Krauss G (2008) Biochemistry of signal transduction and regulation, Publisher: Wiley-vch Verlag Gmbh, ISBN:     3527313974, ISBN-13: 9783527313976, 978-3527313976.

16. Industrial protein production
• Expression systems: Microbial-Bacterial strains, strain improvement, codon bias, di-sulphide bridges,     recombinant protein folding in E. coli, Yeast- Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetics and genomics, Insect     -Baculovirus expression: insect cell lines, virus strains, media requirements, Mammalian: advantages, cell lines     and media.
• Expression vector systems: Microbial-Promoters, inclusion bodies, chaperones, increasing protein production;     Yeast- Episomal, integrating, YACs, Insect-Baculovirus expression: Recombination and transposition, shuttle     vectors, enhancers, infectivity, selection markers; Mammalian: Inducible, constitutive, selection markers and     bicistronic vectors
• Fusion tags: Advantages, applications, 6-Histidine, GST, maltose, thioredoxin, protease cleavage, secretory     peptides, GFP and luciferase.
• Protein purification: Extraction, precipitation and differential solubilization; ultracentrifugation, size exclusion     chromatography, separation based on charge or hydrophobicity, ion exchange chromatography, affinity     chromatography, metal binding: immunoaffinity chromatography, HPLC and concentration of the purified     protein.
• Production scale-up: Laboratory scale bioreactor, Fermentor- batch, fed-batch, continuous; tandem airlift;     single stirred; modes of fermentor operation, bacterial vs. mammalian production at large scale (>100 litres     fermentors).

Practical syllabus

1. E. coli competent cell preparation
2. Bacterial Transformation and Plasmid isolation.
3. Fusion tag (His, GST) cloning.
4. Protein expression and analysis in E. coli.
5. Analysis of localization of proteins expressed in E. coli.
6. Yeast culture.
7. Protein expression and analysis in yeast expression system.
8. Insect cell culture.
9. Baculovirus shuttle vector cloning.
10. Baculovirus generation.
11. Protein expression and analysis in insect cell system.
12. Mammalian cell culture.
13. Recombinant protein expression and analysis in mammalian cells.
14. Bench-top purification of affinity tagged protein.
15. FPLC purification.
• More practicals may be added depending upon the available facilities.

List of Books recommended:-
1. Glick B R, Pasternak J J (2009) Molecular biotechnology: Principles and applications of recombinant DNA,     Publisher: ASM press.
2. A.L. Demain, J.E. Daveis. (1999) Manual of industrial microbiology and biotechnology, Publisher: ASM press.     ISBN 1-55581-128-0.
3. C. Mark Smales, David C. James (2005) Therapeutic proteins: Methods and protocols, Publisher: Humana Press.     ISBN 1-58829-390-4.
4. Voet and Voet (1995) Biochemistry, Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. ISBN 0-471-58651-X.
5. Miller L W (2008) Probes and tags to study biomolecular function: For proteins, RNA and membranes. Publisher:     Wiley vch, ISBN 978-3-527-31566-6.
6. Cleland J L and Cleland (1993) Protein folding: In vivo and in vitro, Publisher: American Chemical Society, ISBN:     0841226407, ISBN-13: 9780841226401, 978-0841226401.
7. Abelson J N, Simon M I, Lorimer G H, and Baldwin T O (1998) Molecular chaperones, Publisher: Academic Press, ISBN : 9780121821913.
8. Scopes R K (1994) Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Publisher: Springer-Verlag ISBN: 3-540-94072-3.
9. McNeil B, Harvey L, (2008) Practical Fermentation Technology, Publisher: Willey, ISBN 978-0-470-01434-9.

17. If required, then one course could be opted from Environment Science.